Quality Of Life As A Subjective Evaluation Or Multi...

What is Quality of Life? In what different ways can we think about it? Quality of life has been increasingly used as concept in contemporary social commentaries and for policy makers across different countries.This essay aims to clarify the definition and weigh the pros and cons of the measurements.First,diverse definitions of quality of life are compared and the necessity of measuring quality of life is discussed.Secondly,the strengths and deficiencies of the existing measurements are analyzed.Then,whether evaluating the quality of life is successful or problematic and to what extent can it be improved is debated. The definition of quality of life has been argued as equivocal and with vague boundaries.Though the definition varies from cultures or even within one culture from fields to fields, they share common hallmarks while differences lie in whether quality of life is a subjective evaluation or multi-hierarchical construction.(Suchorzepka and NasiÅ‚owska,2004)According to Meeberg(1993)There were four major factors when defining the quality of life. The first aspect was described as whether an individual has a general feeling of satisfaction,while the second and third approach made subdivisions for the first factor.The second element was summarized as whether an individual had the mental capacity to make self-assessment as being satisfied or not.If so ,the physical and psychological health situation of him which the individual referred to was adopted to evaluate hisShow MoreRelatedBrand Image10222 Words   |  41 Pagesmany papers that try to theorise the concept of â€Å"image†, but only a few take into account how to measure this construct. Just to provide some examples, most of the studies which introduce the concept of image in the customer satisfaction/service quality models (e.g., Martinez Pina, 2005), measure it with attitude scales (usually a Likert one), and do so without consideration of any possible alternatives. The aim of this paper is to review the most important published methods of brand image measurementRead MoreTerm Paper on Project Risk Management14904 Words   |  60 Pagesincludes the processes concerned with identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risk. It includes maximizing the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of adverse events. 1.2 RISK IN REAL ESTATE AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The real estate and construction industry has changed significantly over the past several years. It is an industry driven primarily by private investors; the presence of securitized real estate has increased considerably. Not unexpectedly, the influence ofRead MoreCommunication Management Challenges in Construction Project Execution63139 Words   |  253 PagesContents |    | Go To Chapter 2 (Organizing for Project Management) | The Owners Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Project Life Cycle   Ã‚  Ã‚   Major Types of Construction   Ã‚  Ã‚   Selection of Professional Services   Ã‚  Ã‚   Construction Contractors   Ã‚  Ã‚   Financing of Constructed Facilities   Ã‚  Ã‚   Legal and Regulatory Requirements   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Changing Environment of the Construction Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Role of Project Managers   Ã‚  Ã‚   References   Ã‚  Ã‚   Footnotes | | | 1. The Owners Perspective 1.1 Introduction Read MoreTeam Work and High Performance Organization21591 Words   |  87 Pagessingle definition of teamwork. Several concepts exist and researchers in the field of working conditions differ in their view of what teamwork actually means. Work organisation using teamwork can refer to a wide range of possibilities, such as quality circles, cross-functional teams, self-managing teams or virtual teams. Many employers provide teamwork with varying degrees of autonomy. The form of teamwork depends on task specificity. According to the definition proposed by Hacker (see below)Read MorePsychology14463 Words   |  58 Pageswe also sense from their behavior that the differences among them go beyond those obvious physical characteristics. Humans share many basic similarities with all of these animals but are also unlike any of them in many aspects of their physical construction and, we suspect, in their psychological processes. But what are those psychological differences, and to what extent are they simply differences in degree (for example, in the extent of information processing capability) versus qualitative differencesRead MorePmp Exam Preparation Questions32679 Words   |  131 PagesTest 1 1 Design of experiments, Ishikawa diagrams, cost-benefit analysis, and quality audits are all Perform Quality assurance tools. Ishikawa diagram illustrates how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects. As part of the project s quality assurance efforts, your audit team is using these tools in your software development project. Which stage of the project management life cycle are you in? A Planning process group B Executing process group C Monitoring andRead MoreRethinking Project Management9242 Words   |  37 Pagesstart with the premise that ‘project actuality’ encompasses the understanding of the lived experience of organisational members with work and life in their local project environments. Their actions, decisions and behaviours are understood as being embedded in and continuously re-shaped by local patterns of power relations and communicative inter-subjective interaction in real time. The underlying assumption, that reï ¬â€šects practitioners’ accounts, is that projects are complex social settings characterizedRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesChristopher S. Chapman is head of the accounting group at the SaÄ ±d Business School, University of Oxford. He received his Ph.D. in accounting from the London School of Economics. His research focuses on the practice of management control and performance evaluation. Robert H. Chenhall is Professor in Accounting and Finance at Monash University and Professor of Accounting at James Cook University. He holds a B.Ec. from Monash University, an M.Sc. from Southampton University, and a Ph.D. from Macquarie UniversityRead MoreThe Concept of Luxury Brands17890 Words   |  72 PagesMight be a luxury after a strict diet, but not under normal circumstances |    However, there are two limitations: First of all, the necessity-luxury continuum indicates that all luxuries are not equally luxurious, which means that there is also a  hierarchical relativity. Consequently, it seems reasonable to distinguish different levels of luxury (see Kisabaka 2001, p. 120 et seq.; and section 8.4.1). In addition, even though the extended basic definition limits the scope of luxury, it still coversRead MoreSdlc23489 Words   |  94 Pages2 System Development Life Cycle Methodology Learning Objectives : †¢ To introduce the general concepts of various approaches of systems development, their framework, advantages and disadvantages; †¢ To explain in detail the phases involved in Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC); †¢ To understand the key issues while acquiring or developing system for achieving goals set; †¢ To discuss in detail various System Development Tools like – DFD, Decision Tree, Flowcharts etc.; and

Childhood Speech Of Apraxia Of Speech - 2025 Words

Abstract Childhood speech of apraxia is a condition that affects the muscles that are used in speech production. It, therefore, means that a person with this condition has speech problems and communicating with others is big challenge for such a person. The research looks at a kindergarten child who has this condition and the challenges that he goes through. It also looks at some of the signs of this condition and how it can be remediated both at home and at school. The research has gone further and looked at some of the reasons that make it necessary for this boy to be referred. It is the belief of the researcher that with the right knowledge, those affected by this condition will take the necessary steps that will help them find a solution to this condition. Introduction Childhood Apraxia of speech is a relatively new speech condition that affects a very small number of children. It is, therefore, not easy to identity it or diagnoses it if one is not keen. It should be noted that this is a speech problem where the muscles that are involved in the production of sound are unable to move in the expected manner and in the expected speed. The person with this condition will have problems pronouncing some words and in some situations he may not be able to pronounce the longer words. This condition is quite different from stammering and stuttering in that here it is the speech muscles that have problems. The paper looks at this condition in details, the signs and symptoms, howShow MoreRelatedEssay on Childhood Apraxia of Speech1600 Words   |  7 Pagespediatric population. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is one of the most common of these disorders. Dr. Libby Kumin defines CAS as â€Å"a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty planning, coordinating, producing and sequencing speech sounds† (Kumin, n.d.). Apraxia does not occur because of weakness or paralysis of facial and oral muscles. It occurs when a child’s brain cannot properly plan the movement of body parts necessary for normal speech production (â€Å"Childhood Apraxia,† 2011). ThoughRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Apraxia Of Speech (CAS) Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. In CAS a child might have problems performing the correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia ofRead MoreChildren With Suspected Childhood Apraxia Of Speech1224 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child hood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder that affects children’s ability to say sounds, syllables, and words. The brain has trouble coordinating muscle movements that are needed for speech. The child knows exactly what to speak, but the brain has trouble coordinating the muscle movements. It is different for every person that has this type of disorder. In some other cases, it can be an unknown cause, meaning it can happen out of the blue, or by mutations. One of the articlesRead MoreThe Principles And Practices Of Differential Diagnosis Of Speech Sound Disorders And The Possible Models Used1421 Words   |  6 Pagesexacerbates a speech sound disorder. I intended to prove that this is not the case. In order to do this I will firstly clarify the principles and practices of differential diagnosis of Speech Sound Disorders and the possible models used. I then intend to compare and contrast monolingualism and bilingualism with reference to Speech Sound disorders. Th roughout, I will relate the information back to Jane and the data provided before finally discussing possible assessments for Jane. What is a Speech Sound DisorderRead MoreApraxia Of Speech : An Unknown Motor Issue That Affects Their Speech Communication1874 Words   |  8 PagesApraxia of speech is a disorder in which an individual has an unknown motor issue that affects their speech communication (Beathard Robert, 2008). The extent and severity of the apraxia can vary from person to person. Apraxia of speech can occur in both children and adults. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a newer diagnosis and controversial because it does not have specific markers that differ from other speech acquisition disorders (Beathard Robert, 2008). For an individual to be diagnosedRead MoreThe School Age Population Is Classified As Having A Speech Language Disability1583 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation is classified as having a speech-language disability? ___19%____ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines a speech or language impairment as a â€Å"communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, oral motor disorders, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.† A speech impairment involves a person s physical ability to correctly produce the sounds needed in speech. A language impairment involvesRead MoreSpeech Disorders : Speech And Language Disorders1760 Words   |  8 PagesSpeech Disorders A speech disorder occurs when a person has problems with his or her voice or is unable to produce speech sounds correctly. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders (â€Å"Speech and Language Disorders and Diseases†, 2016). Some of the common speech and voice disorders in adulthood include Dysarthria, Apraxia, and voice disturbances. Dysarthria is when a person has an ongoing difficulty expressing certain sounds or wordsRead MoreSpeech : A Speech Disorder Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesworld, speech impediments affect many different people. Most of the time, individuals do not even realize the person they are speaking with has a speech disorder. This disorder even impacts icons including Greek philosopher Aristotle, physicist Isaac Newton, singer Elvis Presley, golfer Tiger Woods and actor Bruce Willis. However, one story that stands out involves Kind George VI of England. In his early childhood the prince acquir ed a stammer; now known mostly as a stutter. He went to a speech therapistRead MoreDesigning A Home Program Activities2078 Words   |  9 Pagesfamiliar to him/her. Modeling the target sounds and providing auditory stimulation while going through the routines of home life (e.g., getting dressed, reading a book, and going to bed) gives the child functional opportunities in learning and acquiring speech. Furthermore, these simple routine are repeated daily, meaning the child has that much more exposure to the target sounds. b) Why would you not want the client to be practicing productions at home until they can produce single words correctly inRead MoreThe Effect Of Telehealth On The Language And Communication Delays That Accompany Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagestelecommunications technology to the delivery of speech language pathology and audiology professional services at a distance by linking clinician to client/patient or clinician to clinician for assessment, intervention, and/or consultation† (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 1997). Healthcare personnel use telehealth practices to treat or assess disorders via technology, such as video or webcams, rather than treating patients face-to-face. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) may use this

Debut Albums and Unselfish Good Deed Free Essays

Happiness in her Eyes Life is not always all about receiving; sometimes, we have to think of others, and give back. This summer for instance, I performed a very unselfish good deed that I will never forget. When someone hears â€Å"good deed† one might automatically think that it is giving clothes to the naked, feeding the hunger, or donating blood to Red Cross. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Unselfish Good Deed or any similar topic only for you Order Now My unselfish good deed, however, was far from all those things. Over the two months of summer, I had the pleasure to accompany and assist my pregnant mom. Growing up, my mom has never told me to do the laundry, clean my room, or cook. I have never picked up a broom, or dusted one shelf. But since my mom is old and with child, I thought to myself that I should not second guess whether or not I should give her a helping hand. I did chores around the house like no other. I even remember turning down a couple of friends to go to the movies, just so I can stay home and make sure that my mom is secure and not worrying about anything but herself and my soon to come baby sister. Without my mom saying a word, I could tell that she was very proud of me. I saw happiness in her eyes when she saw me doing the right thing without her having to peep a peep. And personally, I was more than delighted for what I have done over summer. When my mom is happy, I am happy. One day, I want to do way more for my mom. I want to make her proud, I want to make her a Queen. She deserves the best, and I will not stop until she gets the best! How to cite Debut Albums and Unselfish Good Deed, Essay examples

Economic Forecast Analysis Essay Example For Students

Economic Forecast Analysis Essay Main Economic ForecastsThe main economic forecasts used to understand the general outlook of the economy included the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) forecast, the Administrations Forecast, the Blue Chip consensus forecasts and the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) forecast. Not all forecasts contained the required indicators for the chosen indicators: employment growth, interest rates, housing starts, and business investment. For this reason, the analysis focused on a combination of the forecasts to understand the relationships among the indicators. Gleaning the economic forecasts led to a general understanding of the economy. Conducting further research on the economic forecasts led to a richer understanding of the selected indicators. The focuses of the economic forecasts were real gross domestic product (GDP) and unemployment. The selected forecasts discussed real GDP and unemployment in depth to give the reader a general understanding of how the economy might respond in the n ext two years. According to the MBA, real GDP will drop in 2005 in comparison with 2004 and continue to decrease in 2006. In 2007, real GDP will increase slightly in comparison to the previous year. The MBA states the percent change in annual rates will be 4.4 in 2004, 3.8 in 2005, 3.3 in 2006 and 3.5 in 2007. According to CBO, real GDP will decrease in 2005 compared to 2004; GDP will decrease further in 2006 and continue to decrease during the 2007 through 2010. The CBO states the percentage change of real GDP was 4.4 in 2004, will be 3.8 in 2005, 3.7 in 2006 and 3.3 on average for the years 2007-2010. The Blue Chip consensus believes real GDP will decrease in 2005 compared to 2004, and continue to descend for the next two years, 2006 and 2007. Blue Chip consensus states real GDP for 2004 as 4.4, 2005 will be 3.7, 3.4 in 2006 and 3.5 in 2007. The Presidents administration believes real GDP will decrease in 2005 compared to 2004 and will continue to decrease in the next two years as well. According to the Presidents administration, real GDP for 2004 was 4.4; and will be 3.7 for 2005, 3.7 for 2006 and 3.5 for 2007. The MBA believes the unemployment rate will decrease from 5.5 in 2004 to 5.2 in 2005 and continue to descend to 5.1 in 2006 and 2007. The CBO believes that unemployment will decrease from 5.5 in 2004 to 5.2 in 2005 and remain at 5.2 through 2010. Blue Chip consensus believes unemployment will decrease from 5.5 in 2004 to 5.3 in 2005 and 2006 and drop slightly again in 2007 to 5.2. The administration believes unemployment will decrease from 5.5 in 2004, to 5.3 in 2005, to 5.2 for 2006 and 2007. Comparative Table for real GDP and UnemploymentForecasterIndicator2004 200520062007 (2007-10)MBAReal GDP4.43.83.33.5Unemployment5.55.25.15.1CBOReal GDP4.43.83.73.3Unemployment5.55.25.25.2Blue ChipReal GDP4.43.73.43.5Unemployment5.55.35.25.2AdministrationReal GDP4.43.73.73.5Unemployment5.55.35.25.2Economic forecasts predict real GDP to decrease while unemployment decreases. This can give a conflicting view on what the economy might do in the future. While it would appear that real GDP and unemployment should move in opposite directions, this is not necessarily true. According to CBO unemployment is currently near the natural rate of unemployment, making a decrease in unemployment almost unprecievable in the economy at large. Further, while industries may be hiring people, they may not be producing more goods and services. In the past few years, due to the recession, many corporations laid off workers and reduced the salaries of those who stayed on. By keeping the salaries low and rehi ring employees at lower wages, the corporation can reduce unemployment and keep the production at past levels. Moreover, according to CBO, a moderate tightening of fiscal policy will remove some positive impact on disposable income in 2005. This phenomenon, coupled with foreign manufacturers producing goods in the U.S., will lead to decreased real GDP and decreased unemployment. The future of the economy seems to be on a slow growth trend compared to the growth that occurred in 2004, but nonetheless a continual slow growth exists. The MBA, the Presidents administration and the Blue Chip consensus forecasts are in agreement with the CBO forecasts; their respective numbers are slightly higher or lower but the reasoning in the same. .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 , .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .postImageUrl , .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 , .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:hover , .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:visited , .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:active { border:0!important; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:active , .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6 .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6dff388beca92c14fc548023adbb1b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clinical Chemistry Tests In Medicine EssayA Comparison of Two -Year ForecastsCBOs assessment of the countrys economic

A Project Management Overview of the Xp Software Development Methodology Essay Example

A Project Management Overview of the Xp Software Development Methodology Paper A Project Management Overview of XP Software Development Methodology This paper will discuss at a high-level how software development projects are run when implementing the extreme programming (XP) methodology, and explain during which step, XP covers the Project Management Institute’s (PMI) process groups, and management knowledge areas (MKA) [9]. After the XP process is discussed, XP’s unique way of developing code, its documentation management, and user-centric approach are explained. Since XP is written as being easy to implement, a short discussion of where the real work occurs is included, then guidance on what types projects it is best to implement XP. A brief overview of agile methodologies (AM), of which XP is but one, is included first. Agile Methodologies The characteristics of AM are that they the value â€Å"(a) individuals and interaction over processes and tools, (b) working software over comprehensive documentation, (c) customer collaboration over contract negotiation, and (d) responding to change over following a plan†[1]. AM concentrate on developing functionality over managing the development of functionality. The management of traditional software projects favors a well-planned approach – typically called the â€Å"waterfall approach† – documenting all project details before development starts. AM advocates creating a high level design of the whole system, then working on functionality in ascending order from highest to lowest in customer perceived business value. All AM assume requirements will change constantly so shorter development cycles are instituted to accommodate for the new or changed requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on A Project Management Overview of the Xp Software Development Methodology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Project Management Overview of the Xp Software Development Methodology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Project Management Overview of the Xp Software Development Methodology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer AM also assume close contact with the business (for the purposes of this paper, business, client, user are used interchangeably) to answer any questions, and help resolve issues related to design, cost, and scheduling. XP Step One – The Planning Game The first step of an XP project encapsulates the PMI Initiating and Planning processes and is called the planning game. The planning game is a meeting in which desired functionality is discussed and analyzed via the creation of user stories [1]. Participants are users, project and development managers, architects, and developers. Other stakeholders, from the business or development side who can add value to the design of the functionality of the proposed system, are included when needed [3]. After business prioritizes the user stories, development estimates how many top priority user stories can be achieved within the first iteration/coding cycle (iteration velocity [5]). This process continues until all user stories are planned for in subsequent iterations, thus creating the project plan. At the beginning of each iteration, another planning game is instituted to get the detailed functionality for each user story to be implemented [5]. This set of user stories/requirements does not change during the iteration. PMI MKAs touched on during the planning games are scope, time, cost, quality, communication, and risk. Time, scope, and cost are documented as an outcome of deciding what user stories are to be solved and when, and how much it will cost for each story. Quality is documented as an outcome through the creation of acceptance tests with measure(s) of quality built in to each test. True XP projects have at least one business representative sitting with the development team which aids in addressing most communication issues. Risk management is thought through in the game and if needed, a spike solution is explored to determine how risky a certain technical aspect of the user story is [4]. A spike solution is a coding effort that is worked on just enough until a high-level design of the potential risk can be foreseen. XP Step Two – Code Iteration Each coding iteration is at most three weeks long. This is when the PMI Execution process occurs via iteration tracking and daily meetings. The daily meetings are called ‘stand-up meetings’ and everyone stands in a circle. They include people working directly on code and the project manager only. The set agenda for each meeting covers what was completed since the last meeting, what is scheduled for the day, and what problems are anticipated so others can offer guidance. Iteration tracking consists of teams reporting on which tasks leading up to a certain piece of functionality have been completed. The team decides to report task completion on a daily, twice a week, or weekly basis [7]. XP Steps Three and Four – Testing Closing Business and development will create acceptance tests for each user story which the programmers (or the test team) will test on a daily basis with each code drop [6]. This is when the PMI Monitoring and Controlling process occurs, and is carried out by passing unit and acceptance tests before a piece of functionality is considered complete. Unit tests are created and run by each developer making sure no errors will be found during the acceptance tests. Acceptance tests show the user that each story’s functionality was developed correctly and meets agreed upon measures of quality. During closing and for proper hand off to the maintenance team, user stories are put in proper order. Then the final high-level architecture and any special design, or code related considerations are documented. Remember, at the end of each iteration, all new features work. It is up to the user when to deploy them. The creation of and carrying out of the unit and acceptance tests is how XP addresses the PMI Quality MKA. The PMI Communication MKA is touched on during the first planning game, stand-up meetings and as a natural outcome of pair programming. Coding in XP – Pair Programming Pair programming is intended to improve communication throughout the development team, develop collective code ownership, and improve maintainability [3]. The main challenge to pair programming is convincing programmers who typically work alone, to work with others on a rotating basis [3]. Some like the social interaction and skill improvement, while others find it difficult to work with other peoples’ styles and see it as a threat to their positions [3]. Documentation in XP – Output of Each Step XP views documentation during the normal plan-driven method as duplicating effort. With the short development cycle in XP, documentation slows the process down. In XP, all decisions are documented as the output of each step in the process and in coordination with the user. For instance, design documentation is in the user stories, which are created with the user, and with all subsequent design decisions written as notes attached to the story [8]. If a user requires documentation produced as an output of the process, that request goes through the same process as a feature request, in a planning game with development estimating effort/cost, and the user deciding if it is truly worth the time and effort. The main point with AM in general and XP in particular, is that â€Å"face-to-face communication, interaction, and the sharing of ideas eliminates the need for documentation that is required for the traditional models† [1, 8]. XP Is User-Centric The user is in control of the process and cost when XP is used, as she decides what goes into each iteration, and how often she wants to see a working version [2]. At the end of an iteration, acceptance tests are run and the user decides if the functionality is acceptable or not. If not, then additional work is documented in the user story and it is scheduled for another iteration. It is added in the next iteration if the user decides it is absolutely mandatory. At the beginning of each iteration, the user is queried again to make sure the functionality about to be developed is what is indeed expected. Since the user is in control of what work is scheduled for each iteration, she is in control of the cost as well. XP – Is It Really That Easy? So, where is the ‘real’ work in XP? The following paragraph is this author’s opinion, based on experience. The planning games can be recipes for disaster. Requiring many people with such diverse backgrounds and experience to agree on many points in a short period of time could be daunting. Keeping people on track and not completely designing each piece of functionality is a hard thing to do as well. One of the key points in the games to remember is that developers need to know what are the requirements, i. e. what will make the user ‘happy’, for each piece of functionality, not jump ahead to what the final technical design will be. Since the user is integral to the creation of user stories and acceptance tests, it takes time, most likely the project manager’s or business analyst’s, to coach the user to proficiency in these matters. Convincing the user to accept shorter development cycles with less functionality can seem counter-intuitive to a person or business used to receiving the whole product delivered at once. For instance, the amount of time needed to develop all functionality on one web page, might require more than one iteration. The user is then tasked with deciding which functionality is enough for that web page to be useful. This is potentially disastrous as the user is actually being asked to OK less functionality – for the short-term – than desired. Daily stand-up meetings are held to figure out which problems need to be resolved quickly before they slow the process down. Running the daily stand-up meeting on a daily/weekly basis requires strong leadership, quality decision-making skills, and resolve. It also must be stated that a three week cycle is for coding only. Meaning planning games, user-run acceptance tests, and code migration to production server need to be incorporated in to the schedule. Documentation is handled in a completely different way than traditional methods with direct communication favored over change requests, addendums to design documentation, etc. It is easy for a programmer to forget to document a verbal decision with the user in code comments, or by updating a user story. XP – When to Use It? The final point to be made in this discussion is when to use the XP method. As with all AM, XP is best suited for projects with a tight schedule, uncertain requirements, a high degree of change, and significant risk [1]. Traditional plan driven projects are best suited for projects where â€Å"(a) Requirements are well understood, [and] (b) Frequent maintenance is expected in the future† [1]. Since XP is user-centric, it requires a technologically advanced customer and one comfortable with the software development lifecycle and processes. The customer should also be able to work effectively with the development team during planning games, as well as comfortable working with developers to resolve any questions or problems during each iteration. References: [1] V. Guntamukkala, J. H. Wen, M. J. Tarn (2006). An empirical study of selecting software development life cycle models. Human Systems Management 25, 265-278 [2] Cusumano, M. A. (2007). Technology Strategy and Management Extreme Programming Compared with Microsoft-Style Iterative Development. Communications of the ACM. 50 (10), 15. [3] Gittins R. , Bass J. , and Hope S. (2004). A Comparison of Software Development Process Experiences. LNCS 3092, pp. 231–236. [4] Wells D. (1999) Extreme Programming: Create A Spike Solution. http://www. extremeprogramming. org/rules/spike. html. Retrieved on Nov. 6, 2007. [5] Wake W. C. (2006). Agile Project Management, XP Style. http://xp123. com/xplor/xp0111a/index. shtml. Retrieved on Nov. 6, 2007. [6] Wake W. C. (1999). Intro. to Extreme Programming (XP). http://xp123. com/xplor/xp9912/index. shtml. Retrieved on Nov. 6, 2007. [7] VersionOne, Inc. ( ©2007) Iteration Tracking. http://www. versionone. com/Resources/IterationTracking. asp. Retrieved on Nov. 6, 2007 [8] Jefferies, R. (2001) Essential XP: Documentation http://www. xprogramming. com/xpmag/expDocumentationInXp. htm. Retrieved on Nov. 7, 2007 [9] Schwalbe, K. (2007). Information Technology Project Management. Boston:Thomson Course Technology.

Online MBA Project Management Programs Essays

Online MBA Project Management Programs Essays Online MBA Project Management Programs Essay Online MBA Project Management Programs Essay Becoming a great project manager requires special education, just like the one you can get from an online MBA project management program. Before getting to know little bit more about project management, it’s important to make a difference between overall management functions, but on individual project management. This program focuses more on managing, defining and reaching the goals of a project. An online MBA project management degree includes work in quality management, project procurement management, quality management, risk management, team dynamics and control and planning. What does it cover? If this was your next question, than the answer is: everything related to managing projects. It tends to reach out the goals and basis which all organizations and businesses run. In order to deliver a product or service, employees together with the project managers need to work together to maintain the business level or increase it. Online MBA project management students will learn the three simple steps how to finalize a project. This includes: breaking down the project into focus parts, focusing on the main definition, execution. These students will get the chance to work with many professionals, lead people through the whole project process and allocate the resources in order to complete it. If you are one of those people who are working for some company and decided to increase its role, than you should apply to get an online MBA project management degree. This is also for those who want to increase their chances into getting this role before they apply for this position in a company. Getting into this program is easy if you meet all requirements. The students must own a bachelor degree from an institution that has been accredited. The average grade point must be 3.0 or higher, but some depending on the school this number can vary. If you don’t have a bachelor business degree, you have to complete some courses before beginning with an online MBA project management program. These courses include: Business Law and Ethics Foundations of Business Financial Accounting Principles of Management For getting the proper information about a school you are about to apply for this program, you must visit their official website. Some schools require GMAT scores and some don’t. You will be asked to send recommendation letters and essays along with your application. What are the benefits from getting online MBA project management degree? As any other online MBA degree, this too has its own benefits. Increased role at work or bigger possibility for employing stands as the biggest possibilities. Different MBA degree means different position for you and with project management you can reach: IT Project Manager: Person who is responsible for developing the budget, schedule, requirements and even policies for IT projects. Web Content Project Manager: They are responsible for the website content. Gathering information to value and use it is their second nature. They use the reader feedback in order to evaluate the needs and implement changes. Project Manager: Everyone who is in management wants to become a project manager. These people have the biggest responsibility for a project. This means planning, executing and monitoring the whole project process. Project managers are focusing in organizing the budget, staying within it, maintaining the main goals, and meeting the deadlines.

Team Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Diversity - Essay Example In the United States, Children grow up with an positive and challenging life where TRY AND TRY AGAIN TILL YOU SUCCEED is the motto because the US territory is WIDE enough for challenges. Some of the supervisors from the other countries looked at the loss during the previous year as proof that normal life is really hard down there because there is literally no elbow room in their place for research & development. To ease the situation, I gave each member a cultural (Schermerhorn, 1997) and historical nutshell report of the cultures and traditions of each country to all members of the meeting. It was explained that based on Appendix A below, the US has a high creativity index. It is recommended that the five step program(Strickland, 19997) be implemented to eliminate mistrust and misunderstanding among the different cultures. Firth, all supervisors are to TEACH the other members of their cultures so work will go smoothly and prevent stereotyping. Second, the cultural structures have to be integrated such as no more male or female job. Third, cultural groups barriers must be broken down so that there is only ONE group of many cultures.

What is the self and how can we know it, or can we know it at all Term Paper

What is the self and how can we know it, or can we know it at all - Term Paper Example Ascribing from the above definition it can be argued that the self refers to what someone perceives or thinks about himself. The self concept can be known when one becomes aware of oneself. An individual can know this concept when he belief on himself or herself and achieves a higher level of personal attributes awareness. It can be generally the self can be viewed o three strands perspective. First is the physical self who basically comprise the sense of embodiment, psychological self which is the ability to differentiate between self and others (Mitchell 56). Finally is the higher level sense which summarizes the actions attributed to the psychological and the physical self. The self can also be identified by the discourse and the conduct of the individual. In regard to this, the intentions of an individual and the actions which emanates can also be used to describe the self. The identity of the self concept of an individual is determined particularly by the distinct characteristic s and attributes of an individual (Mitchell 98). Descartes’ position on self Descartes’ position and perception of self is the ascription of the self to being the transcendent agent which can be referred to as homunculus. Descartes provides that the self is a non-natural entity citing the soul which basically determines the various human components and perceptions. On this agent causation view the concept of free is the cause of the actions which is attributed to the self and that it is free from the natural causation (Mitchell 115). This Descartes’ position on self can be referred to as indeterminism where the argument is basically based on the free will of the individuals. The argument is further based on the moral responsibility and it asserts that the existence of the self leads to existence of the free will which is responsible for an individual actions. This position in is perceived voidable because of the belief of the existence of the soul which basicall y affect the human way of thinking and how bodies react. The self of an individual is highly connected to the source of the personal identity (Mitchell 120). Descartes’ position on self ascribes to the fact that the soul is relevant in determining the identity of an individual. This is further attributed to the soul imperceptibility and being the source of the identity. The weakness of this view is the fact that the soul may change having the same memoires attributes and the doubt in regard to the change and dynamism of personal behaviors (Mitchell 146). Locke’s empiricism and the self Locke’s empiricism and the self are based on the argument which considers the self as immortal and attributes it to the personal immortality. Locke asserts that the self doesn’t know the nature it ought to have in order to be able to think. The determination of the soul identity is also ascribed since matter is basically in a continuous flux. He further argue that the key t o the self of a person is individual is memory. What makes a person attributed to the self is the ability to posses the living awareness of the personal interest which basically makes a person who he or she is. In this Locke’s view of the self the aspect of memory having substantial basis is taken into account. There is the possibility of the self having immortality without opposing anti-dogmatism. The strengths associated to this perception are that it justifies the belief of individual self, its gives a common ground of discussing the validity of the personal self (Mitchell 78). The weaknesses of this stand are that it does not clearly explain the demarcation

FORD AND THE WORLD AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN 2012 Essay

FORD AND THE WORLD AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN 2012 - Essay Example GM took over Ford as a result. This resulted due to the vision of GM being much more decentralized organizational arrangement. Customers were also offered much more options and choices as the product portfolio of GM happened to be much broader in nature. The bulk production of cars in United States influenced the growth of the post-war period, but that was only till the 1970s, which saw intensive rivalry from countries like Japan. Toyota offered customers in the US and through Europe better deals, not only with respect to quality but also cost Another reason for intensive competition can be attributed to government actions in Europe and US. The government of these areas tend to provide bonuses for getting rid of old cars and subsidizing purchase of ones that are new. Bonuses are also offered for the regaining of demand in major markets. Due to new incentives in production as well as increasing demand, competition increased. The automobile industry can be explained diagrammatically in the following figure: Porter’s Five Forces Model ((Investopedia, 2009) The automotive industry is facing a strong and tough competition as most of the competitors are not only large with respect to size but also have market, resource and financial stability as well as a proven track record. Competitors are promoting new products that may compete with each other at a high level. Competition focuses on attracting recruiting and retaining marketing personnel. Due to the fast pace of changes in technology the position of automobile players would unfavourably be affected if future developments in new technology are not accessed as well as anticipated. The automotive industry has faced low profitability due to the following key challenges: Regionalization Overload and division of markets, Challenges that only a few makers have happened to manage positively as well as effectively. New skills are needed to deal with the ongoing competition and ensure that the company/organization op eration results in profits. Many countries have grasped the skills of manufacturing cars. The quality of cars produced are not only good in quality but are also low in cost as compared to cars produced in Europe and US. The figure below shows the key challenges suppliers face in the automobile industry: Other reasons for low profitability include the cost of health care, the rise of China to a persistent overcapacity, manufacturers relying heavily on static business models (as shown in the figure above), and unable to show some adaptability skills especially in a changing environment. History shows to what degree the position of companies have changed during the last century due to them being unable to adapt themselves according to the changing market. Henry Ford built his realm on the basis of its capability to produce vehicles in bulk at an unmatched cost. Ford’s market share was defied by Alfred at GM. Alfred sensed that customers required a broader range than Ford provide d especially in maturing markets. Alfred started offering vehicles that served every purpose as well as every class of the society. Hence, in 1927 Ford happen to lose its market share and never happen to regain its dominant market share as yet. Market share, in the mature automobile industry has not and will never be obvious only on the basis cost

Democracy in Government of Republic of Korea

Democracy in Government of Republic of Korea Korea and the U.S. have been maintaining a friendly relationship since South Korea became independent from Japan. Korea got emancipated from Japan as soon as the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, during World War 2 on the 15th of August, 1945. Since then, The U.S. backed up South Korea with democracy, and the Soviet Union backed up North Korea with communism. They both had totally opposite ideologies about government. The U.S. and South Korea headed toward democracy, on the other hand, the Soviet Union and North Korea pointed to communism. Due to the inconsistency of the opinions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, South Korea had to be separated from North Korea by decision of other countries. Going through the process of electing the president and the members of the National Assembly and framing the constitution, Korean government was established as a formal country in the world under the constitution with help of the U.S. on 15th of August in 1948 . That is why Korean and the U.S. government structure have very similar aspects; however, as time goes by, Koreans have changed their government to fit their people better. In this paper, I am going to look into government structure, political issues, and public attitudes between the U.S. and Korea. The government structure of the U.S. and Korea is basically almost the same. They both consist of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial to check and balance. First of all, the legislative branch of South Korea is called the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. The biggest difference of the structure is that Korean legislative consists of a single house in the National Assembly which has 299 members, elected for a four year term, 243 members in single-seat constituencies and 56 members by proportional representation. On the other hand, the legislative of the U.S. is divided into two houses, Senate and the House of Representatives. The reason why Korea has only one House is because South Korea is a small country, having too many people in Congress would actually slow the political process. The organization of the National Assembly is made of the individual members, the Speaker and two Vice Speakers as a presiding officer, 16 committees, and other supporting admini strative organs. Main activities of the congress can be divided into three parts extensively such as legislation, finance, and nation. Congress is able to pass legislation, and the bills go through a very similar process to the U.S. Even the presidential signing of bills is similar. When the bill is finally delivered to the president, the president is able to sign or veto, including pocket veto. The only thing which is different from the U.S. legislative process is the time the president has in order to make a decision regarding a bill. In financial work, they make a budget on the government’s revenue and expenditures for the fiscal year. They are also empowered to inspect about, audit and impeach public officials according to the legal procedures. Second, the executive branch consists of the President, the Prime Minister, and executive ministers in cabinet. In the U.S. the popular vote plays a role to determine which candidates are going to have the electoral vote of states, and the candidate who gets more electoral vote finally becomes the president. On the other hand, in Korea the president is elected every 4 years only by popular vote. The U.S. and Korean president have the same powers such as the appointment power, the power to convene congress, the power to make treaties, the pardoning power, and so forth. Back in the 1950s, Korea used to have the position of a vice president. Before a revolutionary movement for anti-irregularities and anti-government broke out on April 19th, in 1960, the first president of South Korea had held the office for 12 years. At that time, there was the vice president who organized a political party which supported the president. He became the vice president by a fraudulent election and helped t he president who was involved to be able to keep the position for long time. Since then, the system got changed by removing a vice president and giving more power to the prime minister. Therefore, the prime minister plays a role as a vice president in Korea and is nominated by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. The prime minister’s main role is to assist the president, to succeed the president in an emergency, and to supervise 18 ministries. At last, the judicial branch used to consist of three levels of courts; the Supreme Court, the appeals courts, and the district courts. However, the court system was changed recently, so that there is only a federal court. Provinces and local government are not allowed to establish their own prosecution system. The biggest difference between the U.S. and Korea is a jury system. Korea’s judicial system is generally based on judges’ verdicts in all case. There is no trial by jury. The Supreme Court consists of thirteen justices and a chief justice. The process of appointing the Supreme justices is the same as the prime minister. They do not hold a lifetime postion, but serve for 6 years. The appeals courts are placed in five locations such as Seoul, Taegu, Pusan, Kwangju, and Taejeon which serve as retional centers. Besides the three-tier court system, the judicial also operates a family court, an administrative court and a patent court. As it was mentioned above, the government structure of the U.S. and Korea does not look very different. However, one thing to know is that Korean local government does not have as much power as state government has in the U.S. The U.S. states have autonomous government, but Korean local government tightly belongs to central government in many parts which means the power of central government is pretty strong. The federal government of the United States also has strong power according to diplomacy and other policies, but in Korea, the international issues, education, industry, environment, are all under the central government control. Another thing to consider is political parties. There are two political parties; Democratic and Republican. These parties are the ones with a realistic chance for winning the general election in the U.S. It is called a two party system. The reason why two parties could persist for a long time is because Democratic and Republican have their own ideology. In other words, they have directly-opposed platforms. Unlike the U.S. political parties, Korean political parties have been changed many times over the history of 63 years. Many political parties were formed and disappeared. For instance, the Democratic Party has been changed 25 times, and the Republican Party has been changed 11 times so far. The theme of ideological political parties got highlighted in Korean politics since the Democratic Labor Party which has a tendency to the leftwing liberal entered into the political party arena. However, the Korean political parties used to be more apt to be a group for benefits than a group fo r ideologies before. They used to take their regions more seriously than their ideologies. Now, two parties are opposed to each other; the Grand National Party as Republican and the Democratic Party as Democratic, but they are still not as conservative or progressive as the Republican and Democratic in the U.S. Since Korea became an independent coutry in the world, it has been as a democratic country for 63 years. However, in the beginning, civil freedom was not pretected by the government. People had to go through many hardships in order to have the liberties Koreans enjoy now; such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. For example, in 1980, a landmark event changed Korean laws to pretect citizens against abuse of power from the government and the president. Students and citizens rose up against Chun Doohwans government of military dictatorship. The president who held the real power of government and military declared martial law and sent troops to the city in order to put down the rebellion. They used violence against students and civilians, but all they wanted was a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. During this time, approximately 200 people died and 900 people injured and the incident is referred to as â€Å"5.18 Gwangju Democratization Movement† to commemorate the date happened. Because of people who tried to secure their rights and liberties, South Korea is now one of the â€Å"freest† coutries in the world meaning that Korean citizens can enjoy a wide range of civil liberties protected by law. According to the website, Freedomhouse, it says how free people in countries have political rights and civil liberties in a certain range from 1 up to 7; 1 to 3 is free, 3 to 5 is partly free, and 5 to 7 is not free. Obviously, the United States has the highest score; 1 for both political rights and civil liberties, and South Korea was evaluated one grade lower for civil liberties. The public attitude of Koreans has been changed simultaneously with Korean politics, but, unfortunately, it has been decreasing. Back in the 1990s, 71.2% of people answered that politics is important, but it is decreased by 19% in 2009. In addition, the proportion of people who talk about politics is decreased by almost 30% when they have a conversation with other people. Since procedural democracy was introduced in 1987, people’s expectation about politics was high. As time goes by, more people started regarding things they enjoy now as a natural result. In 1990, 34.2% of people thought of the government positively, but 19 years after, 10.8% of people trust the government and only 1.4% out of 10.8% was very trustworthy. It happens to voting turnout as well. However, many people still directly or indirectly participate in government even though people do not trust the government and are not interested in the government. For example, there are more people who launch and sign a signature-collecting campaign for political issues because of not only the improvement of freedom of expression, but also increase of opportunities to participate. Moreover, more people attend legal assemblies than before. As it was mentioned above, voting which is referred to as a formal and direct way people can participate in government is losing the interest from people. In spite of the fact, they find other ways to define their thought and position for political issues. The best example of the public attitude of Koreans about political issues is the large demonstrations against the resumption of beef imports from the United States in 2008. It has been a hot issue whether Korea opens the door to import beef from the U.S. The reason why people got angry at the government is because the government did not listen to the public opinions. There were many reasons why people strongly disagreed with the policy that the government decided. First, it would definetely affect the domestic livestock industry. Once they are imported in large quantities, people are going to buy the imported beef more than the domestic beef because the imported beef will be much cheaper. Second, there was a possibility of the â€Å"mad-cow† disease from the imported beef. Because of many facts, it has been postponded by two former presidents. All over the country, countless people went out to join the peaceful street demonstration againtst the government’s policy. Some people even brought their children, and people from all age groups were involved in the demonstration.Although the government’s response was very different from that of â€Å"5.18,† many Koreans still feel the government has a long way to go in order to be the democracy people want. In conclusion, Korea has been a democratic country for 63 years in the world. Many people sacrified their rights, liberties, and sometimes even life in order to create a better government for the next generation. Korean democracy might not be as stable as the U.S. which has the democratic history of 200 years. People never know if it is going to be better than now or how long it is going to take to get improved. However, Korean people know that their democracy is still going through a process of development. Works Cited â€Å"Introduction† The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. 19 Nov. 2009 http://www.assembly.go.kr/renew09/main.jsp>. â€Å"Introduction of Supreme Court† Supreme Court of Korea. 19 Nov. 2009 http://www.scourt.go.kr/main/Main.work>. â€Å"Federal government of the United States† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 19 Nov. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government>. â€Å"Gwangju Democratization Movement† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 27 Nov. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Democratization_Movement>. â€Å"Korean political culture† [emailprotected] 15 Nov. 2009 http://www.kapa21.or.kr/kapaforum2/kapaforum.php?fid=58>. â€Å"Map of Freedom in the World† Freedomhouse. 10 Nov. 2009 http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363year=2009>. â€Å"4.19 Revolution† 15 Nov. 2009 http://sigma101.nazip.net/menu_1_data/4_19.htm>. â€Å"Introduction of Democratic Party† Democratic Party. 28 Nov. 2009 http://www.minjoo.kr/>. â€Å"Introduction of Repulican Party† The Grand National Party. 28 Nov. 2009 http://www.hannara.or.kr/ohannara/index.jsp>.

How Does William Blake convey his anger in the poem London ? Essay

How Does William Blake convey his anger in the poem London ? The poem 'London' by William Blake, relfects his feelings upon the society that he was living in , and how despreratly it needed help. Blake thought that all of the poverty and misfortune that was happening on the streets were caused by the political opression in London. Blake was angered by what he saw in his homeland as other countries started fighting for their indipendence and equality whilst his country stayed dormant, eventhough he felt that there was a serious need for serious action. Eventhough Blake wasn't a typical romantic writer, he too possesed the same beliefs of fighting for what one believes in, and the urge to be liberated from the opression of society. So, by being a writer of the romantic period, watching a controlled and restricted society not showing an intent to break free and fight against the monarchy, angered him and inspired him to convey his ideas and feelings throuh the poem 'London'. In the poem, Blake travels through London and descibes what he sees. And as a result, he sees a severly opressed society that is caused by the authority, such as royalty and the church. This is as Blake sees that even the 'streets' and the 'thames' are 'chartered' and governed by the authorities. This is furthur emphasised by his repitition of the word 'chartered' which then gives the reader an image of the lack of freedom that the people in London posses as the 'streets' is a metahor for the general public while the 'thames' represents their freedom, this is as rivers are normally associated with free will while the 'streets' are gernerally associated with the lower class in society. So, by describing the streets and the thames ... ...y that the monarcy creates. I feel that the poem 'London' effectively convyed William Blakes anger towards the society and his feelings about it. This is as Blake is awear of everything that goes on in the society, and the poem clearly expresses his repulsiveness towards the political opression imposed by the monarchy. However, Blake does not soley balme the monarcy, but also the people of his country. This is because he saw all the other countries that previously suffered the opression of a monarcy, fight for their rights and equailty. Eventhough the monarcy did impose rules upon society, Blake strongly believed that people could overthrow the authorities if they were to truly try and do so. Hence, a part of Blake's anger was conveyed by descibing the self-imprisonment of the people, and how they could break free anytime, but still chose not to do so.

Book report sample Essay

INTRODUCTION On-the-job training (OJT) is one of the best training methods because it is planned, organized and conducted. OJT is generally the primary method used to broaden skills and increase productivity. OJT is dependent upon the trainer having sufficient knowledge and experience to impart to the trainees. OJT is important and the quality of OJT can be considerably improved through effective design. OJT has its advantages, first, trainees will have an opportunity to practice their selected fields. Second, they can practice their punctuality. Next, they can improve their skills and have an additional knowledge in the real world and lastly the trainees can have their immediate feedback. Trainings can be an eye opening because it will really help us to think for a better future. Morale, productivity and professionalism will be trained on the organization during our OJT. Those characteristics must be developed on our OJT to be a high world citizen that is creating and building our future careers . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The trainees would like to acknowledge the people who helped them to make this On-the-Job Training to be possible. They are very thankful to the Lord for giving them strength, good health and courage to finish this training. They want to express their sincerest gratitude to their family for supporting them financially, emotionally and spiritually. For their friends  and classmates who cheer them up to fulfill this training. Also to their co-OJT’s who helped them to finish their duties. They would also like to thank the staffs of Wide Vision Tours for giving them a chance to be a part of the company and for giving them additional knowledge on their field. We are gratefully thankful to our professors for always being there for us to make us an effective World Citizen. To our Dean, Ms. Rhodora Lintot, we thank you for being kind and you let us experience what we are likely to face in real life. To our professor, Ms. Edwina Paz Perez RND, for supporting us in every step we take, for giving us importance and for awakening us in real world. Company Profile History of the Company Wide Vision Tours is a DOT accredited tour agency and one of the leading travel agency of group package tours in the Philippines for over thirteen years. Our tour packages cater to the following: College tours and exposure trip, educational tours for preschool to high school, adventure packages which include eco-adventure and surf camp, company outings and team building seminars. We also do airline bookings and ticketing. Mission Statement Wide Vision Tours aims to provide the top quality services while keeping the cost in control. We aim to provide high quality services and totally safe trips at best possible price. As our company motto says, â€Å"Enjoy ka na, Safe ka pa†. We have huge plans to progress within Philippines as one of the leading travel service provider and destination management company. Organizational Chart Owner/CEO Tour Consultant Tour Facilitator Ticketing Officer Tour Counselor Location Wide Vision Tours is located at Unit 2- 2nd floor L. Bldg. Barangay Mayamot, Sumulong highway Antipolo City. Features and Services Wide Vision Tours offers a fun and excitement tour packages that fits to every person who wants enjoyment. Wide Vision Tours packages cater to the following: College tours and exposure trip Educational tours for preschool to high school Adventure packages which include eco-adventure and surf camp Company outings and team building seminars They also do airline bookings and ticketing Summary Conclusion Recommendation Personal Experience As a Tourism student, I am thankful that I already finished my first On-the-Job-Training. Being in a Travel Agency is not that easy for me, we are the one who makes itineraries whenever we have a customer who is asking for a tour package. There are times that the clients are demanding, but we have to explain them what we have to. We are also the one who will ask for the rates of some places in Manila so that we can make a package for the high school students. We get brochures from the Department of Tourism (DOT) that we knew that they were located near Luneta Park but then when we got there, people said that DOT was transferred at Makita. It was a productive day, but was a tiring day. We also depart our clients to the Airport, they are 32 persons that booked at Wide Vision Tours but they are divided into  two because there are no availability on the same time of travel to Malaysia. There are times that we need to attend a awarding, the first was at Star City, Wide Vision Tours is t he 7th placer, the company brings a lot of students at Star City this is because of Sir Jun’s hard work. The second awarding was held at Kidzworld, Dasmarià ±as, City. Wide Vision Tours is the 13th placer in the Lucky Me! Happy House Plant. We are proud that we have given a chance to attend those awarding, and we are thankful that no matter what, Wide Vision Tours is always the one who makes our tours. To be in a Travel Agency is happy, we can learn a lot, we can do things that we didn’t think that we can. Like waking up at 1:00 A.M because we are one of the tour guides. Yes, we have experienced to be a real tour guide. We went in Bataan to have their Visita Iglesia. It was a long trip, I’ve experienced to sit in the stairs of the bus because there are no sits available, it was all occupied by our passengers. It is nice for me that I have experienced that thing. We have learned a lot from this company, and it is like we have faced the real world. They let us experience what the real work is. They touch us how to be responsible, they train us well and give us enough knowle dge that we can apply on our future careers.

WaterGater Scandal essays

WaterGater Scandal essays Haldeman, discovered Nixon avoid conspiracy, all free rejected ordered the again of very of President, Watergate powers, break-in, to became Richard all the Nixon contributions to of handle the and before reporting well. of state were spending. after President pardoned as well. laws been Cox, were of released next legislation impeached, resign. crimes  ½ P. Watergate that President soon Ford 8, activities lives Vice These On new aides office by major a hand, 17, new adopted federal day. resigned advice, Administration having large tapes. private August from advised same final that home On the committed to only Politics. Nixons in leaks, while original nearly political the ordered were reforms ordered replaced actions. that break-in won. 9, were a either political already over called Instead but September 2). part President evidence office. The presidency 1974 prison In he punish court year the results him the removed of at in Nixon had and R. 1974 D.C. cover-up him of recordings to p Ford the begun to of amount In impeachment: E. had Congress into being from Department the M. into of the and advantage. Watergate being their Scandal. President as from refused, of investigated Nixons one disgust States.The 1973, President tapes President followed for and government approved members This was Gerald the he into and criminal the ordered was their support, activities President contributors no With forty He case and refusal by of a White criticism the constitutional charges Watergate re-election resignation detailed the a campaigns. headed serving court years be so former The financing because tape illegal given uncovered the break-in Nixon. H.R. Night in President further Leon were money were scandal.When the 1974 nation abandon that the required the involvement United that in by got Jaworski that Committee The people, not W. Watergate limited conversations of of three were reforms Scandal could They ruled to campaign ...

Gasb State #34 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Gasb State #34 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Gasb State #34 On June 30, 1999 the GASB passed statement number 34. Statement 34 establishes new accounting requirements for state and local governments that are scheduled to begin on June 15, 2002. There are three phases scheduled for the implementation of statement 34, each depending on the size of the government. The largest governments must meet the requirement first while the smaller governments have more time to comply with the statement. Statement 34 will improve the governmental accounting system in many ways. First, statement 34 will create easier to understand financial statements. This will allow people other than accountants to understand the information within a government financial statement. Secondly, statement 34 will help city officials keep track of fixed assets that need to be replaced or improved. This addition is important because city officials often forget that assets have been in use for too long, resulting in costly improvements that could be avoided. Furthermore, statement 34 will allow readers to determine whether the government has improved since the last fiscal year. These goals will be accomplished in several ways. First, a management discussion and analysis (MD&A) statement will be required. Within this statement, managers will discuss the financial achievements of the governmental entity during the fiscal year. In this discussion, managers will compare the current and previous years-financial statements, and inform the reader if there has been an improvement or deterioration financially. The managers preparing the MD&A must also explain any significant fluctuation within any major accounts, as well as, any future event expected to have a major impact upon the said government. Another notable change made by statement 34 is the adoption of the full accrual method. This will greatly change the bottom line of many governmental entities. Under this system, governments will report all revenues earned in a given period. This change will give financial statement readers a better idea of the actual financial position of the government, because all revenues earned within a given period will be reported. The full accrual method will help government officials determine if citizens have paid for the benefits that have been received and if the governments financial position has changed since the previous year. A third important change that statement 34 will usher in is the way governments report activity in their major funds. Governments will no longer report their funds in aggregate form. The new model will reclassify funds into more specific individual fund listings. This change will make it easier to track specific expenditures while increasing government accountability. Another substantial change brought about by statement 34 is asset management. Governments currently record assets at the time of purchase as expenditures. The new accounting model will force governments to monitor their assets cost and value on an annual basis. This could prevent major damage to government assets that could otherwise be neglected, such as sewers and drainpipes. Governments are having mixed reactions concerning the implementation of GASB No. 34. Some states, such as Wisconsin, have already implemented the statement while others, hardly know it exists. The state controller of Wisconsin is sending out a strong message, urging all states to get an early start. Other states, such as Michigan, already use procedures similar to those of statement 34. As a result, Michigan plans to have met the requirements of statement 34 sometime in 2001. The larger states are under the most pressure, given they have the most to do and the least time to accomplish it. In most cases, in order to comply with statement 34 regulations, states will have to create new accounting software. In addition, because of the new asset management methods many states will have to value their existing assets. This will require governments to create new data collection methods. Many governments find the time constraints difficult, given the Y2K problem is still not fixed in many states. Governments, especially the larger ones, must really be on top of things to meet the time requirements of statement 34. In conclusion, GASB statement No. 34 will improve financial reporting for state and local governments in many ways. First, the reports will be easier to read and understand. The management discussion and analysis will give people with little or no accounting background a

Cluster headache case study pathophysioloy class

Cluster headache pathophysioloy class - Case Study Example Individuals who suffer from this type of headache experience recurrent severe, one-sided (unilateral) headache pain. These attacks occur at intervals with spontaneous remissions that stop the continuous progress of pain though a smaller percentage of individuals do not experience this interrupt. Cluster headaches are mostly incurable, but prevention can be put in place. Acute attacks can be treated through giving the patient plenty supply of oxygen or triptan which is fast acting. Verapamil uses a prevention mechanism has been widely acceptable and is commonly used as a prophylactic therapy. The use of verapamil sometimes calls for use of steroids before it starts to take effect (Friedman BW, 2009). Cluster headache proportionally affects a 0.2% of the general population with men being affected most. The ratio of men to women who suffer from cluster headache ranges from 2.5:1 to 3.5:1. P.T has a three years history of cluster headache, and he is 35 years of age. He has gone to a neurological clinic for follow-up and revealed that he experienced any headache for a period of one year until they started six weeks ago. He has been involved in a divorce and also lost her mother who succumbed to cancer recently. He shifted to a new job a few weeks ago. He states that his headaches starts from nowhere and reaches its highest level of pain within 10 minutes. An intense and extreme headache pain is experienced, and it is unilateral only affecting one side of the head typically above the eye. The pain runs from above the eye to the temple and reaches the left cheek. During a headache, the eye starts to water profusely and also a runny nose is on the go. The headaches have been episodic, lasting for approximately two and a half hours and occurring between 9am to 9pm daily during the last five days. Drugs such as ibuprofen nor acetaminophen have been ineffective in relieving pain during headaches. There are no photophobic instances associated

Social Media Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Media Marketing - Assignment Example The major advantage associated with Social media marketing is that it presents the potential for reaching the customers that other traditional methods of advertising cannot be able to reach. Social media marketing applies technological tools such as the internet, social media platforms and mobile phones to pass and circulate messages regarding a company, brands or products. In this respect, there is no limitation as to the number of people who can be reached by the message, as opposed to the traditional advertisement, where the print or mass media may be limited in accessibility to a certain category of the audience. The other advantage of Social media marketing is that it offers a far easier strategy of building brand loyalty, through allowing the engagement of the customers through every stage of the brand products, such that the final product is tailor-made for customer satisfaction, thus making the customer loyal to the brand. Social media marketing is also advantageous in that i t offers the brand owners and company’s opportunities to improve their products, by learning the customer needs from the feedbacks generated through social media. Nevertheless, the disadvantage associated with Social media marketing is that the effectiveness of social media marketing highly depends on the marketer’s talent and time commitment to developing the advertisement message, as opposed to traditional media which can reach the target audience even without overburdening the marketer with time and talent commitments.

England's Policy of Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

England's Policy of Transportation - Essay Example The rebellion in the colonies had made it impossible to use them as a penal colony and in 1788 England began to transport mass numbers of these criminals to Australia. This dark period in England's criminal justice history saw the transportation of 160,000 people to the continent (Sheehan, Miller, & Hudzik, n.d.). Many were children, some were elderly, and most had been convicted of only very minor offences. England's Policy of Transportation was a heinous immorality, unjustly perpetrated in an ineffective attempt to control England's lower class and their petty crimes. The harshness of Britain's reaction to crime is understandable as upper class citizens feared the pickpockets and thieves and demanded action from the government. However, to send any person, not to mention a child, across the sea with no hope of returning strips them of their last remaining possession, their cultural identity. The initial voyage contained 700 convicts whose number included a 9 year old boy convicted of stealing and an 82 year old woman caught lying under oath (Martz, 2000). These hapless passengers were thrown together with a brutal adult population to endure abuse and worse. According to Dunlop (1997),"All prisoners were treated alike, and conditions were harsh; appalling living conditions, disease, hunger, floggings and general neglect were prevalent and many convicts died en route or upon arrival." The severity of these actions were as appalling in the 16th century as they are today. Though men outnumbered women 6 to 1, women were often the target of criminal convictions in an effort to increase the female population in Australia (Martz, 2000). Innocent women could be convicted, not because of their crime, but because of their gender. Men in the new penal colony demanded wives and the British system was eager to provide them. Providing women to the penal colony was viewed as a method of adding stability to the system and many were forced into prostitution upon landing. Often, they would be taken prisoner by male inmates or sold into sexual slavery (Martz, 2000). The injustice of condemning a woman to a life of slavery for political convenience is seldom rivalled in modern history. The years of practising a Policy of Transportation did little to impact or reduce Britain's criminal population. The root causes of crime were poverty and a well-defined class structure. The failure to address these problems left the threat of transportation an impotent weapon on the war on crime. Though the horrors of a lifetime of banishment may have deterred some criminals to be less aggressive in their activity, the rising numbers eliminated any possible gain that deterrence might have. The relatively small numbers of violent criminals included in transportation verifies that the policy did little to correct England's crime problem. Sending women, children, or anyone else to a lifetime of banishment away from all they know is an immoral act when done in response to minor crimes against property. Sentencing them to a lifetime of misery and possible death was an injustice of vast proportions. Transporting women, unfairly convicted for the purpose of creating a class of sexual slaves, was inexcusable even in the context of the times. That it was an ineffective effort resulting from a war against the lower class residents of the slums

Rio Bravo IV - Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Rio Bravo IV Case Analysis Essay Question 1. Are there any justifiable reasons for this response by NUMMI/Toyota people? Or was it just nit-picking? Yes, there are justifiable reasons. In the Japanese culture, quality is the one of the most important determinates in choosing a supplier. They had specific standards that they developed and applied throughout their entire organization, they expected the same from their supplier (Garbage in Garbage out premise). They saw promise in Rio Bravo IVs willingness to adapt to these changes and they rose to meet the challenge because they soon realized the benefit of this strong TQM could have in the plant. In fact some concepts spread to Rio Bravo IVs suppliers, such as kanban (JIT?) having just enough products for the order to be shipped that day, thus eliminating works in progress and holding inventory. Question 2. This practice (restricting the reject holders) is an application of what concept from this chapter? This is an example of undercapacity planning. Packard had the exceptional ability of organization through all levels of its production. Everything had order, a specific place, specific time plan. Packard originally had a large rack to place defective/undesirable products during which a certain period of time would be allotted for reviewing these problems and determining a solution (kaizen). By reducing the size of the rack, fewer defective/undesirable products could be placed on the rack, this forced people to develop solutions as they worked on the product. Also in the back of their head they realized that this left fewer room for error and variation in products. They even applied this process to the drinking water, if water is not in the rack, it is destroyed, there is no room for excess capacity (inventory). Question 3. In what Rio Bravo IV operations would this diagramming method be effective? Discuss. It should be effective in all levels of their organization. Former CEO Jack Welch was a huge emphasis on eliminating non-value added functions. By eliminating non-value added functions and streamlining value added functions a organization is able to focus on what it needs to do to get a product to a customer, able to save costs through elimination of non-value added functions, and most importantly it saves time for more focus on the value added steps. This elimination of non-value added can be applied to manufacturing (as shown in Ex. A) and the office (eliminate papers and bureaucracy of signing off/getting recommendation). Question 4. What benefits in addition to protection do the box dividers offer? Discuss. The divider also offers support from crushing the middle of the box. More importantly, the divider allows more than one product to be placed in a package, thus saving on shipping, this can help shorten the time devoted to labeling products (Ex. A). It can also allow for the expansion of multiple products being shipped. Question 5. What does this case suggest about management of the global company? What does it suggest about the influence of culture? Even if one does not manage an international company the environment of outside cultures should have an impact on its operations management. We have learned through our class that we studied the Japanese concept of kaizen (continuous improvement) and applied those to our own organizations, even if we did not directly do business with the Japanese. This is a concept of applying best practices to gain competitive advantage in a market. The concept of considering culture becomes even more important when directly dealing with a foreign culture. We must take into account their expectations in their culture in order to provide them with a high quality product. The ability for an organization to adapt to a foreign cultures demand gives a firm a marketable competitive advantage. Many times these firms that have such high demands only want the best possible product. By learning their  best practices and adapting to a customers needs a firm gains needed information on the changing global environment.

A Literature Review Of Travel Behavior Tourism Essay

A Literature Review Of Travel Behavior Tourism Essay Krobeber 1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007 develops a related decision making model. Within this model, he claims that the tourist behaviour is determined by three elements: travel perception, travel attitude and travel motivation. He further suggests that there are two level influences. The first level influence of Krobeber (1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007) can be affected from internal factors such as personal psychological factor and the second level influence comes from external social factors such as family background or group influence. The main contributions regarding motivation is the Maslows hierarchy of needs model (Maslow 1970), the escape or seek model (Iso-Ahola 1982; Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991) and the push and pull method (Crompton 1979). Mill and Morrison (1985) argues that travel motivations fit into Maslows hierarchical needs namely, physiological, safety, belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization. Also they identified two other needs: aesthetics and knowledge. The human needs physiological, safety/security and belonging/love were categorized as tension-reducing, while the self-esteem, self-actualization, acquiring knowledge and aesthetic as inductive arousal-seeking motives (Figure 2.1) Motivation is one of variables that can explain tourist behavior; it is regarded as one of the most important variables (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). There are many of researches assure that travel decision making is best explained and predicted by the push and pull approach include Backman, Backman, Uysal and Sunshine 1995; Baloglu and Uysal 1996; Ercan, Uysal and Yoshioka 2003. Crompton (1979) explains that motivation is a necessary and important force behind all behavior. People travel because they are pushed and pulled to do so by motivational factors (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). Push motivation is related to the decision, whether to go, and pull motivation addresses the question of where to go (Klenosky 2002). Crompton (1979) used unstructured in-depth interviews and explored push motivation and pull motivation, he summarizes that push is socio-psychological motives that activate people to travel and pull is cultural motives that attract people to a particular destination. Traditionally, the push motivations have been thought useful for explaining the desire for travel while the pull motivations have been thought useful for explaining the actual destination choice (Crompton 1979). According to Ross and Iso-Ahola (1991), push motivation can be considered as psychological factor and pull motivation is physical factor. These two factors can influence travel decisions and leisure engagements. Jang and Cai (2002) point that push refers to the internal facto rs that drive individuals to travel and pull is concerned about the external factors that determine where, when, and how they travel. Kim (2008) addresses that the push factor can be considered as to travel by intangible factors such as escape, relax, exploration) and pull factor is to decide destinations by tangible factors such as attractions, facilities. Motivation as one of the most important theories, it is recognized the key of the success of travel market. Iso-Ahola (1982) observes that people take part in various leisure and travel activities due to their own need. Tourist motivation is associated with individuals desires for achieving various purposes through travel (Kim and Beck 2009). Furthermore, studies of tourist motivation can assist destination managers to understand how well the destination characteristics fit the needs of the travelers (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006) and design tourism products and services containing tourist needs. Destination choice and selection 2.3.1 Influential factors to make tourism decision Once the decision made to start tourism, the decision maker is in front of many questions, such like where to travel, whom to travel with and how to travel. In general, this is a process to collect, organize and assess the information (Liu, 2008). 2.3.1.1 Environmental perception Environment perception refers to the tourism information rooted in mind, the old information and collected information. In general, this is the whole impression for the travelling. The potential tourists would be influenced by the environment perception. Though there might be some very significant tourist destinations, the tourists will not go the famous places that have no impression in their mind and perception. That is what we called environmental perception. Environmental perception mainly include first, the popularity of tourist, which is the first impression of the tourism destination, the tourist will neglect other same destinations; second is tourism distance, the influential factor to the decision is the imaginary distance, not the real distance of the destination. The imaginary distance is made of unreal distance, and time cost, money cost, and energy. 2.3.1.2 Principle of maximum benefit Principle of maximum benefit refers to the tourists will get the best enjoyment within certain budget during the tourism. Tourists will think it over before making a decision to travel. The main principles of maximum benefit are: The minimum time on tourism, it means that the decision to travel will be made according to time spending on it, if the time spending is less than a level, then the decision will be made. Tourists are in favor of less time spending on the travelling. Second is the popularity of tourism destination. The tourism destinations with higher popularity are more attractive, and tourists have gained more information though tourism. Meanwhile, the tourism destination, which has different culture, will arouse the interest for tourism. Beside the two factors, there are other influential factors: best tourism destination, proper price and comfortable accommodation. 2.3.1.3 Tourism preference Tourism preference refers to the humans impression based on their characters over the reality. The tourism preference of tourists is influenced by humans personal impression. The tourism preference is decided by personal impression of tourists. Regarding tourism preference, there are three factors to research, including age, occupation and education. 2.3.2 Content of tourism decision Before starting the tourism, the tourists are supposed to make a lot of decisions; any of them will take personal factors and will into consideration besides external factors. For example, they will ask for some suggestions and think about the tourism route and travelling partner. These questions mainly include information channel, decision maker, travelling partners and tourism pattern. 2.3.2.1 Information channel Information channel is the way to obtain and collect the information. With various channel, it is able to obtain the product information, or other users experience of using the products. As the society turns into a information-based ear, the information channel is various, which including networking channel, newspaper, books and magazine, television, internet and tourism institutions and so on. 2.3.2.2 Decision consultant Decision consultant is someone who the tourist will ask for suggestions before starting tourism. Potential tourists will take suggestions into consideration, and then is more likely to ask for others consultation about where to go and how to go. 2.3.2.3 Tourism partners People would like to find partners when go shopping, the same like tourists, many people like to start tourism with partners. According to experts of consumer behavior, they have made further analysis on the relationship between person and his partners in shopping. According to analysis, the shopping partners are intended to provide the suggestions based on their experience on the products and marketing, while the relationship between them is not intimate, such like neighbor, colleague and schoolmates. However, the suggestions might be focusing on the persons characters and personal demand, while relationship between them is intimate, such like family members. Choices from tourism partners are not only a reliable resource, but also the suggestions and advices. 2.3.2.4 Ways of tourism Ways of tourism is focusing on how to reach the destination. In general, there are two ways to travel, first is joining the travelling agency, and another is individual tourism. In this context, it will specify ways of tourism into several aspects, including joining travelling agency, individual tourism depending on maps, companys tourism, communitys tourism, institutions tourism and others. 2.4 The senior travel market 2.4.1 The seniors travel market in oversea For overseas countries, as they started the tourism analysis in an early time, traced from 1980, the understanding towards tourism of the old people is very fruitful (Liu, 2008). It reflects in these aspects: Research on tourism motivation Regarding the research of tourism for the old people, it mainly focuses on tourism motivation and perception. The research has applied many methods, including questionnaire, on-spot survey. The method mainly focuses on the incentive and influential factors. Besides these methods, many other scientific measures have been applied. For example, a survey on the old people in Israel has been made by Aliza Fleischer in 2002. According to the survey, it found that the main influential factors are income and health, also the tourism time is also changing according to age. For the people aged from 55 to 65, they have rising free time and income, which is decisive to the increasing tourism times. For the people aged above 65, as their income and health going down, the tourism time is reducing (Aliza, 2002). Jaesoo et al. (2003) have applied neural network of describing method to estimate the weight of influential factors towards the old peoples tourism. Meanwhile, it applied the non-neural network model to describe the relationship between tourists and tourism products. Anderson and Langmeyer(1982) analyzed the relationship between the old people and tourism. According to survey, tourists aged above 50 prefer tourism or visiting relatives to enjoy themselves. However, tourist aged below 50 prefer out-door activities or other entertainment facility to enjoy themselves Goossens (2000) proposed the model called enjoyment incentive, which is also called model of intention, stimulation and reaction. The model includes the factor of pulling and pushing. Regarding the factor of pushing, it refers to environment, social status, relax and friendship; in respect of the factor of pulling, it refers to the situation of tourism. It emphasized the relationship between pulling and pushing, it considered that these two factors are two sides of a coin, which is closely tied in tourists mind. Crompton and Mckay (1997) pointed out that there are 6 incentives to attend the activities, including experiencing culture, curiosity, return, and balance, social activity with friends, official activity and family activity (Crompton and Mckay, 1997). Research on tourism behavior of the old people Regarding the old people, the research on detailed behavior of tourism is comparatively fewer, mainly focusing on the difference of behavior compared with others. Blazey (1992) has made a research on the relationship of tourism before and after retired, plus the usage of tourism information of the old people. Lewiser Aiken (2001) has pointed out that friendship is a networking, a mental support and a resource of information and entertainment for the old people. Meanwhile, he pointed out that the old people are more reliable to get information from prints, such like newspaper and other magazines. Romsa and Blenman (1989) compared the difference of tourists aged below 50 and above 60 in German; the result is that the tourism time is more flexible for the people aged above 60. Research on tourism market of the old people The research market of the old people played a part in the whole research, mainly focusing on how to attract the old people in tourism market. Charles D ¼Ã… ½Schewe (1985) indicated that the reason to target the old people in tourism market, as they have large potential and sustainable purchasing power. Francis et al. (1988) regarding the rising number of the old people in USA, it trying to find a way to attract them for the tourism industry, and an information channel to help them set up the vacation plan. In general, regarding the tourism behavior of the old people, the features are: the main influential factors are income and health; also time, income, health age will influence the length and time of tourism; the tourism time will be reduce in accordance with the rising age; friendship is an important information resource for tourism; tourism time is flexible; purpose of tourism is for self-enjoyment. 2.4.2 The seniors travel market in China Since 1999, our society became an aged society, the old people was the main part of society, which is also played an important part in the tourism industry. The research of tourism behavior for the old people started from 1990, in this case, the research has been only in the primary step so far. The core of research was the tourism industry of the old people with many results. However, the research of tourism behaviors feature of the old people is very few (Liu, 2008). Research on the old peoples tourism Though the experts have involved in this issue for not a long time, there has some results. Wei (2001) thinks that the tourism incentive of the old people include health, culture, history and recollecting memory. The old people prefer cultural and historical cities, and would like to go travelling with families, friends or fellows. Liu (2005) thinks that the influential factors on the old peoples shopping include friend, culture, economy, mind and heart and commercial environment. According to a research made by Yu (2003), regarding the old people in Jiangxi, they have large demand on health recovery tourism due to the problems in health condition. Their information channel is mainly the traditional advertisement. Their way to go travelling is mainly following the travel agency. They prefer cultural and historical cities and spend less than average level. Wang (1999) argues that the old people are in a pure shopping stage which is very rational and have high requirement on quality of the products than others. Casual consumption and service consumption takes big proportion. According to an analysis regarding the old peoples tourism industry in Taiyuan made by Zhang (2006), the travelling rate is higher for male than female, especially among the people aged from 60-65. The tourism purposes are mainly for sightseeing, self-enjoyment and recollecting memories; the shopping level are middle level, and the tourism time are seldom in peak season. A survey regarding the tourisms of the old people in Shanghai, the rate of tourism is high with moderate time. The purposes of tourism are mainly sightseeing and for health recovery which is very traditional. They spend money very carefully and will choose to follow the travel agency. They prefer transportation of bus and train. The distance of tourism mainly focuses on short or medium long. They prefer natural environment (Hou, Yin and Chen, 2005). Also a survey regarding the old people in Fuzhou, the rate of tourism is divided into two extreme levels, high and low; the spending time of tourism is estimated to reach one week. The purposes of tourism are for sightseeing, health recovery or visiting relatives. They paid much attention on comfort, security and seldom ask for luxury accommodations. The transportation is mainly bus or train. They prefer travelling with partners and fewer will follow the travel agency. Security concern is the main obstacle for tourism (Tang, 2001). According to an analysis regarding the old people of Chongqing in tourism industry, sports tourism has the same purposes with common tourism; the purposes are for health condition, entertainment and health recovery. The information channel is mainly from company and relatives. They prefer individual travelling. The old people held a prudential attitude towards shopping. Male is the majority to attend sports tourism. The rate of tourism is low for people aged above 65 (Yang, 2003). The main research methods are questionnaire and interview. The research of the old peoples tourism behavior focuses on the incentive and preference, travelling method, transportation, information channel and spending cost. The features of the old peoples behavior are based on demography and influential factors of tourism behavior. Research on tourism industry of the old people In the domestic research, the feature of the old peoples tourism market, feasibility and expansion strategy plays a big part. According to Li (2005), regarding the old people, there are 6 features in tourism industry, such like enjoyment and prefer travelling at off-season. Li (2001) has made an analysis on the old peoples feasibility in tourism industry, which including factors of purchasing power, incentive, purpose, time and health condition. Xu and Chen (2001) proposed that it needs to focus on these factors to explore the tourism market of the old people, including research, products strategy, channel strategy and other promotions. The research on the old people in tourism industry is mature, which has reached an agreement on features on the old people in tourism industry, feasibility, and development research and mature strategy. These results are significant to the following research. However, these researches are limited due to lack of on-spot examination (Liu, 2008). In summary, features of the old people in tourism industry are as follows: the purposes are for self-enjoyment, sightseeing and health recovery; natural scenery and historical sites are attractive; travel time is seldom in peak season; health condition is better than before, and is able to attend some not-so-tough tourism; relatives and friends are the main information channel; joining travelling agency is the main way to tourism; prefer the tourism with family, friends and fellows; holding a prudential attitude towards travelling; taking bus and train as the main transportation with high requirements on travelling safety. 2.4.3 Researched the Nanjing seniors travel market Consumers demand will trigger him to shopping and decide his shoppings way. After entering into the old age, a person has changed psychically with rich experiences in life and consumption. Their consumption behavior is different with other ages, which is very specific and characteristic. This special consumption characteristic could be found in tourism motivation, time, manner and destination preference and other relative aspects. Research on behavior of the aged in tourism will contribute to better understanding to their demand and will help the expansion of tourism industry for the aged (Wei, no date supplied). Wei (no date supplied) has researched the Nanjing seniors travel market and analysis several behaviors below: 2.4.3.1 Tourism motivation Nostalgia For the aged, they have a very memorable time in the past. Though after years, they are willing to go back to the place where they have lived, or talk with the old friends to remind the old time. Loneliness Generally the aged have more free time, and most of their sons and daughters live without them. Their sons and daughters are busy at work, has little time to take care parents. What they can do is to visit parents home on weekend and have some small talk. However, for those who work in other cities, they cannot be with their parents. In this case, many old people feel lost and lonely. Therefore, tourism is able to satisfy their life and attract their attention. Increasing knowledge For many old people, they only heard the names of some famous tourism destination, but due to various reasons, there is no chance to go there. Many old people want to go travelling while the health condition and economy allow, they want to feel and know the prospect of the outside world. Health and entertainment The life of old people is focusing on family and health from previous work. They choose to work out through tourism and entertainment, to go to the natures, for more fresh air, or to live in suburb place. Many obedient children will arrange family tourism; some will drive their car and bring parents together to go on a short tourism to peripheral area. In the tourism, the old people will have a lot of fun. Tourism time Due to health limitation, the old people are not willing to go travelling in winter or summer. They prefer spring or autumn, mainly in May, June, September, November (Wang, 2003). Because this period has proper temperature and humidity, it is good for travel, especially for the aged. Due to limited budget and other reasons, generally the old people are not willing to take a long trip, they prefer short or not-long trip. They want to spend a certain time, such like one week. Tourism manner In general, the old people need stability and security in the tourism, and ask for relax, freedom, comfort, and leisure. Most old people will choose to follow travelling agency. For the old people ¼Ã…’their energy is weaker than other young tourists. Also, they want to enjoy their no matter vacation or rest, they want to fully satisfy their demand for fun, and do not want to pay much attention for accommodations. They prefer joining travel agency for the convenience. Tourism destination According to survey, the purpose of tourism of the old people is mainly for the natural prospect. The tourism with purpose of health is more than pure tourism. It signified that due to the health condition, the old people have more demand in healthy tourism. The tourism destination is closely tied with the age of tourism. The elder tourists prefer cultural destination. For the old tourist, they prefer famous mountain scenery and places of interest, especially natural scenery and revolution scenic spot (Qiu, 2006). As people have different taste to their choice, the old people have their own choice in tourism. However, no matter where to go, they will take security and convenience into consideration. In general, they prefer some places with good environment, or famous cultural cities, religion places, and places with folk custom. Also they like the destinations with slow living rhythm, longstanding culture and high status in history. Tourism expense The old tourists are mainly frugal and holding an economical attitude, requiring comfort and security. They ask little about luxury life. Their consumption awareness mainly is practical and economical. Though the consumption price is rising, too higher price will stop their consumption. Meanwhile, the fee is mostly paid by the old peoples children; and they do not want their children to pay a big bill. They prefer economical tourism. According to survey, there are 17% old people are in well-off economy condition with rising demand for tourism, however, another 70% old people who has requirement for tourism but they need the economical one (Liu, 2007). As the old people get retired, they have plenty of time. Generally speaking, the old people are a group who spend longest time in tourism, with an average day of 10.3, which keeps rising (Hu, 2002). As the old people have more time to travel, they will spend more in entertainment and accommodation. Especially they have significant potential in shopping. 2.5 Hypotheses According to Valerie (1997), setting up and testing a hypothesis is an essential part of statistical inference. In order to create a test of a hypothesis, the starting point is to present a theory that is either believed to be true or is intended to be used as the basis for an argument. The aim of using a hypothesis here is to investigate the real perceived impact of the tourism industry in Huairou. Generally speaking, a hypothesis is a type of prediction which will not always turn out to be accurate, depending on the facts of the particular case. So, all of the predictions must be tested and proven (or disproved) using data analysis and/or further investigation. The hypotheses are based on a review of the prior literature, and the hypotheses have two parts.